Women scientists set Nobel prize record

       A banner year for female Nobel laureates highlights incremental but steady progress for women in science's mostly male bastions, say experts who point to greater funding and career opportunities for women than ever before.
       A record five women were awarded Nobels this year - nearly one-eighth of the 41 awards to female recipients in the 108-year history of the prize.
       Until now, the highest number of women honoured in a single year was three, in 2004.
       This year's winners included: Herta Mueller who took the literature prize;Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider for physiology or medicine; Ada Yonath for chemistry; and in a major breakthrough, Elinor Ostrom for economics - the first time a woman has won in that field.
       Ten women have won the prestigious medicine award since the first Nobel Prizes were handed out in 1901, but 2009 marks the first time that two women received the award in the same year. Dr Greider said a sort of emerging old girls' network is aiding women researchers who have been boxed out of high-power science careers by the more traditional old boys' network.
       "I think there's a slight bias of women to work for women, because there's still a slight cultural bias for men to help men," she said in Monday's New York Times ."It's not that they are biased against women or want to hurt them. They just don't think of them. And they often feel more comfortable promoting their male colleagues," she told the Times .Donna Dean, an eminent US researcher and regulatory scientist, said one reason women did not always receive the accolades they deserved had to do with their status at the bottom
       of the totem pole at research labs and in academia.
       "Women have always carried out research at the highest levels; it is just that they were so often not Elinor Ostrom recognised - or nominated for the prestigious prizes - for that work when their male colleagues and peers have been," she said.
       "We still have much work to do to assure full recognition for research well done," Dr Dean added.
       New laureate Dr Yonath told an interviewer last year that in a world where there were not many women role models in science, she reached back for inspiration to Marie Curie, the first woman scientist to be awarded a Nobel - twice, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911.
       "I think the population is losing half of the human brain power by not encouraging women to go into the sciences. Women can do great things if they are encouraged to do so," Dr Yonath said.
       Ms Ostrom,76, said she was "very surprised" to learn she had won, but hoped this year's awards serve as inspiration to a new generation of female students and researchers.
       "I think in many of the sciences,especially the social sciences, it has been only recently that women were full professors, getting grants, doing research," she told National Public Radio yesterday.
       "It doesn't say anything about their abilities, it's whether the opportunities were there. And now, slowly but surely,opportunities are being made available,and women are doing great."
       Some experts said the number of Nobels awarded to women this year is a sign that, however slowly, US government and research institutions have tried to level the playing field for women in the sciences.
       All but one of the women who won 2009 Nobels were Americans, they note.
       The lone woman who was not - Dr Yonath, an Israeli - conducted much of her post-doctoral research in US institutions.
       "That more US women are showing up as Nobel Prize winners is a reflection of the support and funding for their research that US scientists have received from federal agencies ... as well as from private foundations over the past two to three decades," said Ms Dean.
       She noted that this year's Nobel successes are the fruit of years of nurturing women within scientific institutions.
       "Given that the US government actively promoted and supported equal access of women scientists to funding and participation in agency grant programmes and processes since the mid to late 70s, the pipeline of productive and outstanding women US scientists is now quite robust," said Dr Dean, who recently ended a two-year stint as president of the Association for Women in Science.
       She said that as more women reach academic and professional success in the sciences, they increasingly serve as mentors to female protegees, making more future recognition increasingly likely.